PAMPs consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or peptidoglycans (PGNs) in bacteria and β‐1, 3‐glucans in fungi (Pal & Wu, 2009 Wang et al., 2017). The initial step in the initiation of immune responses relies on biosensor proteins called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which can detect and bind to certain pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surface of invading microbes. Insects live in a hostile environment and possess effective immune systems (Lemaitre & Hoffmann, 2007). xiaojinensis CTLDPs and provides a basis for further studies of their characteristics. Comparative analysis of induction of CTLDP genes after different immune challenges indicated that IMLs might play critical roles in immune defenses. xiaojinensis, a cold‐adapted species, conserved the ability of CRDs to combine with Ca 2+ to keep its receptors from freezing. Prediction of binding ligands revealed that T. Remarkable lineage‐specific expansion in this subfamily was observed reflecting that these CTLDPs, as important receptors, have evolved diversified members in response to a variety of microbes. xiaojinensis IML orthologues were found in other insects. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CTL‐S and CTL‐X members from different insects could form orthologous groups. The remaining three with extra regulatory domains were sorted into the CTL‐X subfamily. The other 23 CTLDPs with two CRDs were grouped into the immulectin (IML) subfamily. According to their domain structures, six CTLDPs with one carbohydrate‐recognition domain (CRD) were classified into the CTL‐S subfamily. In this study, 32 transcripts encoding C‐type lectin domain proteins (CTLDPs) were identified from the Thitarodes xiaojinensis transcriptome. Insects have a large family of C‐type lectins involved in cell adhesion, pathogen recognition and activation of immune responses.
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